XPS is used to determine the atoms present at a surface and their concentrations, chemistry, and lateral and depth distributions.
This course will cover:
- Introduction
Terminology, surfaces, types of surfaces. - The principles of XPS
Production of photoelectrons, peak labeling, electronic configuration of atoms, binding energies of atoms, molecules and solids, kinetic energy, energy level diagram, spectra, Auger process, valence spectra, handbooks, books, surface sensitivity, inelastic mean free path and databases, information depth, hard X-rays, sample handling, spin-orbit splitting, chemical shift, curve fitting using software, plasmons, multiplet splitting, shake-up, data processing to measure intensities of p, d and f spin-orbit doublets. - Instrumentation
Dual anode, Bremsstrahlung, satellites and their removal using software, monochromatic source, electron energy analyzers, spectrum acquisition, energy resolution, scattering in analyzers, electron detectors, pulse counting, position sensitive detectors, small area analysis, area location, imaging XPS, methods for imaging, equipment and examples, software to improve information in images, vacuum system, samples, energy scale calibration. - Qualitative analysis
Identification of elements including examples using software, changing X-ray sources, charging and its effect on qualitative analysis, interpretation of chemical shift, relaxation effects, Auger parameter, making Auger parameter plots online, factors affecting peak widths, lineshapes, curve fitting with different lineshapes, advanced curve fitting using reference spectra. - Quantitative analysis
Sensitivity factors, ionization cross section, asymmetry parameter, magic angle, analyzer transmission, reference spectra, peak intensities, background subtraction with examples using software, measuring peak areas, using software for quantitative analysis, detection limit with examples. - Artifacts
X-ray damage, charging and software approaches to improve quantitative analysis of data, methods for charge control, ghost peaks. - Depth profiling
Non-destructive and destructive methods, angle resolved XPS with examples using software, diffraction, elastic scattering, thickogram, sputtering, depth calibration, examples of data processing methods to remove peak overlap problems - Instrument selection and summary
Factors to consider, general summary
